include: suggests that the thing contained forms a constituent, component, or subordinate part of a larger whole: the price of dinner ~s dessert.   (contain容纳包含，表示实际存在implies the actual presence of a specified substance or quantity within something，如the can contains about a quart of oil罐中装了一夸脱油，名词content内容） constituent和component都表示组成部分，constituent强调本质构成的部分essential and formative part还表示选区选民，派生词constitution宪法，component中文是组件，强调独立可分辨的部分separate and distinguishable part，如able to identify every component of his firearm他可以识别枪支的每个组件，在2018-01-19组成element-factor组中






comprehend: implies that something comes within the range or scope of a statement, definition,or concept: his notions of manners ~s more than just table etiquette.  (这里range和scope都是范围，其中range通用=extent，scope特指有限预设的范围implies a predetermined and limited area of activity that is somewhat flexible within those limits，如as time went on, the scope of the investigation widened随着时间推移，调查的范围逐渐扩大)






embrace: implies a reaching out and gathering of separate items into or within a whole: her faith ~s both Christian and non-Christian beliefs.   reach out伸手去拿






involve: suggests an entangling of a thing with awhole, often as a natural or inevitable cause or consequence: a procedural changethat will ~ more work for everyone.  （entangle缠住套住if something entangles itself with another, the two things become caught together very tightly，如the blade of the oar had entangled itself with something in the water船桨的桨叶和水里的什么东西缠住了，entangle的第二个意思是involve表示牵连使卷入陷入，如he became entangled in a series of conflicts with the management 他卷入了与管理层的一系列冲突之中，如she didn't want to get entangled (即emotionally involved) with him她不想与他有瓜葛)






imply: otherwise close to involve, suggests that something's presence can be inferred with more or less certainty with a hint: smoke often ~ies fire.   infer推断是reason推理的结果，表示推断"出结论"    hint暗示提示征兆迹象少许少量






include包括: 表示被包含事物构成了整体的成分组件下属，comprehend包括: 表示被包含事物属于某声明定义概念的范围，embrace包括采纳拥抱: 形容好像伸手去收集各部分放入整体，involve涉及牵扯: 表示使牵连使卷入，有自然、难以避免的因果关系，imply必然包含、表明: 指根据迹象征兆等，可以明确无误地推断出来


记忆方法: 1）首字母ICEII 想成II ICE两块冰<==包括两块冰




         2）包括的意思是使作为一部分包含在整体内mean to contain within as a part or portion of the whole.